Efectos de las medidas de restricción sobre la actividad física y conducta sedentaria de niños, niñas y adolescentes durante la pandemia por COVID-19: revisión sistemática / Effects of restriction measures on physical activity and sedentary behavior of children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review

Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 obligó a los gobiernos a implementar medidas de restricción social para proteger la salud de la población, afectando la calidad de vida de las personas, especialmente en grupos vulnerables como los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA). El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática (RS) fue evaluar el efecto de las medidas de restricción sobre la actividad física (AF) y conducta sedentaria (CS) de los NNA. Adicionalmente, se exploraron posibles factores determinantes de estos cambios. Métodos: Se realizó una RS, utilizando tres bases de datos. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales en donde se hubiera analizado la AF y CS de los participantes, utilizando cualquier método de evaluación. Dos investigadores analizaron los estudios, extrajeron los datos y evaluaron la calidad metodológica de los artículos primarios. El metaanálisis se realizó utilizando el modelo de efectos aleatorios, considerando un valor p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 artículos, con una muestra total de 15.095 NNA. La mayoría de los estudios reveló una reducción de la AF y un incremento de la CS en los sujetos, durante los confinamientos por COVID-19. El metaanálisis mostró una caída en la AF total, la AF moderada a vigorosa y un incremento del tiempo de sedentarismo. Diversos factores biodemográficos, familiares y ambientales exacerbaron las variaciones en la AF y la CS de los NNA. Conclusión: Las medidas de restricción aplicadas durante pandemia por COVID-19 redujo la AF e incrementó la CS de los NNA. Factores biodemográficos, familiares y ambientales determinaron estas variaciones.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic forced governments to implement social restriction measures to protect the health of the population, affecting the quality of life of people, especially in vulnerable groups, such as children and adolescents (CA). The objective of this systematic review (SR) was to evaluate the effect of restriction measures on physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) of CA. Additionally, possible determining factors of these changes were explored. Methods: An SR was carried out, using three databases. Observational studies were included in which the PA and SB of the participants were analyzed, using any evaluation method. Two investigators analyzed the studies, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality of the primary articles. The meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model, considering a value of p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: 19 articles were included, with a total sample of 15,095 subjects. Most studies revealed a reduction in PA and an increase in SB in subjects during COVID-19 lockdowns. The meta-analysis showed a drop in total PA, moderate to vigorous PA, and an increase in sedentary time. Various biodemographic, family and environmental factors exacerbated the variations in the PA and SB of the CA. Conclusion: The restriction measures applied during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the PA and increased the SB of the CA. Biodemographic, family and environmental factors determined these variations.

Conducta fumadora en estudiantes de kinesiología y su asociación con actitudes y conocimientos sobre tabaquismo: estudio de corte transversal / Smoking behavior in Chilean physical therapist students and their association with attitudes and knowledge on cigarette smoking: a cross sectional study

INTRODUCCIÓN: El tabaquismo continúa siendo un problema sanitario en población universitaria y profesionales de la salud. Los kinesiólogos participan en la implementación de programas orientados a la prevención y cese del tabaquismo en la comunidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la prevalencia de tabaquismo y actitudes sobre consumo de tabaco en estudiantes de kinesiología. MÉTODOS: Estudio de corte transversal realizado en estudiantes de Kinesiología de Concepción (Chile), durante los años 2017 y 2018. Se determinó la conducta y actitudes sobre tabaquismo. Mediante regresión logística se determinó la asociación entre la conducta fumadora y las actitudes sobre tabaquismo. Se consideró un valor de p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: Se contestaron 554 cuestionarios. El 57,8% de los estudiantes encuestados declaró no haber fumado nunca, 13 % no haber fumado los últimos 6 meses y 29,4% declaró ser fumador actual. Por su parte, el 99,5% expresó algún grado de acuerdo con que fumar es perjudicial para la salud, lo cual se relacionó con la conducta fumadora (p < 0,0002). En relación a actitudes sobre tabaquismo, comparado a los no fumadores, los fumadores actuales presentan mayor probabilidad de mostrar desacuerdo o indiferencia respecto a actitudes positivas sobre tabaquismo. Principalmente en aquellas acciones que restringen su consumo, venta y divulgación (OR ponderado = 2,43; 95%IC 2,02 - 2,92). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de tabaquismo en estudiantes de Kinesiología de Concepción es del 29,2%. Los estudiantes fumadores expresan una menor aprobación relacionada a intervenciones, actitudes y consecuencias del tabaquismo para la salud comparada con los no fumadores.

INTRODUCTION: Notwithstanding control policies, smoking continues to be a health problem in university students and health professionals, who are responsible for implementing programs oriented to prevention and cessation of smoking in the community. The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of smoking and attitudes about smoking in physical therapy students. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in students of physical therapy from three universities of Concepción city (Chile), during the years 2017 and 2018. Behavior and attitudes about smoking were evaluated. Association between smoking behavior and attitudes about smoking was determined by logistic regression. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: 554 questionnaires were answered. 57.8% of respondents had never smoked, 13.0% had not smoked in the last 6 months and 29.4% were current smokers. Moreover 99.5% of respondents stated some degree of agreement that smoking is harmful to health, which was related to smoking behavior (p < 0.0002). In relation to attitudes about smoking, compared to non-smokers, current smokers have a greater chance of showing disagreement or indifference regarding positive attitudes about smoking. Mainly in those actions that restrict tobacco consumption, sale and disclosure (weighted OR = 2.43, 95% CI 2.02 - 2.92). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of current smoking in physical therapy students from Concepcion city is 29.2%. Smoking students express lower approval related to interventions, attitudes and consequences of smoking for health compared with non-smokers.

Respiratory muscle impairment evaluated with mep/mip ratio in children and adolescents with chronic respiratory disease / Fraqueza muscular respiratória avaliada por meio da relação pemax/pimax em crianças com doença respiratória crônica

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the strength of respiratory muscles and to compare maximum inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressure and MEP/MIP ratio between patients with chronic respiratory diseases and healthy individuals. Methods: Case-control study. Individuals with neuromuscular disease and post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans were considered. In addition, they were also matched according to anthropometric and demographic characteristics with healthy children and adolescents. MIP, MEP in the three groups, and pulmonary function only in patients with chronic respiratory diseases were recorded. Results: A total of 52 subjects with CRD (25 with neuromuscular disease, and 27 with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans) and 85 healthy individuals were included, with an average age of 11.3±2.1 years. Patients with neuromuscular disease and post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans presented lower MIP and MEP when compared with healthy individuals, although MEP/MIP ratio was lower in patients with neuromuscular disease (0.87±0.3) and higher in patients with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (1.1±0.3) compared to the healthy group (0.97±0.2). Only in patients with neuromuscular disease a negative correlation was observed between MEP/MIP ratio and age (r=-0.50; p=0.01). Conclusions: Differences in the pattern of muscular weakness between patients with chronic respiratory diseases were observed. In patients with neuromuscular disease, a decrease in the MEP/MIP ratio depending on MIP was verified; and in those patients with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans, an increase in the MEP/MIP ratio depending on MIP was also observed.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a força dos músculos respiratórios e comparar a relação entre a pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx) e a pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) em pacientes com doença respiratória crônica (DRC) e crianças saudáveis. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle. Foram selecionados indivíduos com doença neuromuscular e bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa. Ademais, os grupos foram pareados com crianças e adolescentes saudáveis, considerando características antropométricas e demográficas. Foram registradas a PImáx e a PEmáx nos três grupos e a função pulmonar apenas em pacientes com doença respiratória crônica. Resultados: Foram incluídos 52 indivíduos com DRC (25 com doença neuromuscular e 27 com bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa) e 85 indivíduos saudáveis, com idade média de 11,3±2,1 anos. Pacientes com doença neuromuscular e bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa apresentaram menor PImáx e PEmáx em comparação aos indivíduos saudáveis, embora a relação PEmáx/PImáx tenha sido menor nos pacientes com doença neuromuscular (0,87±0,3) e maior nos pacientes com bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa (1,1±0,3) em comparação ao grupo saudável (0,97±0,2). Somente em pacientes com doença neuromuscular foi observada uma correlação negativa entre a razão PEmáx/PImáx e a idade (r=-0,50; p=0,01). Conclusões: Foram observadas diferenças no padrão de fraqueza muscular em pacientes com doença respiratória crônica. Nos pacientes com doença neuromuscular, verificou-se diminuição na relação PEmáx/PImáx dependendo da PImáx; em pacientes com bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa, foi observado aumento na relação dependendo da PImáx.

Evaluación de la escala EPInfant para la auto-regulación perceptual de la intensidad del ejercicio en niños sanos / Assessment of EPInfant scale for exercise intensity perceptual self-regulation in healthy children

INTRODUCCIÓN: La escala EPInfant ha sido validada para la estimación perceptual del esfuerzo físico en niños chile nos, pero se desconoce su utilidad para la autorregulación de la intensidad del ejercicio. OBJETIVO: evaluar la validez de criterio de la escala EPInfant para regular y reproducir la intensidad de ejercicio en una muestra de niños sanos. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Se seleccionaron 15 niños entre 8 y 12 años, en quienes se realizó un test de carga incremental (TCI) y tres pruebas de regulación perceptual (PRP) en trotadora. Las pruebas se realizaron con un intervalo de 48 horas entre ellas. En la PRP, la carga de trabajo se ajustó perceptualmente durante 5 minutos, considerando aleatoriamente los niveles 3, 6 y 9 de la escala EPInfant. Se consideró el promedio de la FC durante la PRP como la intensidad reproducida perceptualmente. Se empleó análisis de varianza, regresión lineal simple y análisis de confiabilidad para determinar la reproducibilidad de la FC durante la PRP. RESULTADOS: Existió diferencia significativa en la FC entre los niveles perceptivos durante la PRP (p < 0,001). Adicional mente, se observó correlación entre la FC durante el TCI y la PRP (r = 0,83; r2 = 0,69). El coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue de 0,76, 0,83 y 0,93 en los niveles perceptivos 3, 6 y 9; y la discordancia media entre la FC durante el TCI y la PRP fue de -2,4 lat/min. CONCLUSIÓN: En la muestra estudiada, la escala EPInfant fue válida para permitir la regulación y reproducción perceptual de la intensidad del ejercicio en trotadora.

INTRODUCTION: The EPInfant scale has been validated for the perceptual estimation of physical exer tion in Chilean children, but its usefulness for self-regulation of exercise intensity is unknown. The objective of the study was to evaluate the criterion validity of the EPInfant scale to regulate and re produce exercise intensity in a sample of healthy children. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: 15 children between the ages of eight and 12 were selected for an incremental exercise test (IET) and three perceptually regulated exercise tests (PRET) on a treadmill. The tests were performed with a 48-hour interval between them. In the PRET, the exercise load was adjusted perceptually for five minutes, randomly considering levels 3, 6, and 9 of the EPInfant scale. The average heart rate (HR) during PRET was considered as the perceptually reproduced intensity. Variance analysis, simple linear regression, and reliability analysis were used to determine the reproducibility of HR during PRET. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in HR between perceptual levels during PRET (p < 0.001). Additionally, a correlation was observed between HR during the IET and the PRET (r = 0.83, r2 = 0.69). The intra class correlation coefficient was 0.76, 0.83. and 0.93 at perceptual levels 3, 6, and 9; and the mean dis cordance between HR during the IET and the PRET was -2.4 beats/min. CONCLUSION: In the studied sample, the EPInfant scale was valid to allow the perceptual regulation and reproduction of exercise intensity in a treadmill.

Validez y confiabilidad de la escala de Tal modificada en niños chilenos: Estudio multicéntrico / Validity and reliability of the modified Tal score in Chilean children: A multicenter study

Introducción: En pediatría, evaluar la gravedad de la obstrucción bronquial es determinante; por esto, se han creado escalas de puntuación clínica, como la escala de Tal modificada. El objetivo fue determinar su validez y confiabilidad en niños atendidos en unidades de emergencia de Concepción, Chile. Población y métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Se incluyeron niños < 36 meses con diagnóstico de bronquitis y/o bronquiolitis durante meses de invierno y primavera de 2015. La validez de criterio concurrente se determinó mediante la correlación entre el puntaje de la escala y la saturación de oxígeno, como estándar de referencia. La validez predictiva se evaluó mediante la asociación entre el puntaje de la escala y la probabilidad de nueva atención en la Unidad de Emergencia dentro de 7 días. Se calculó el área bajo la curva mediante curva ROC. La confiabilidad entre kinesiólogos y médicos se determinó mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI). Un valor de p < 0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: Se evaluaron 102 niños; se observó correlación débil entre la puntuación de la escala y la saturación de oxígeno en kinesiólogos (Rho= -0,41). Existió asociación entre la puntuación y la probabilidad de nueva atención en centros de emergencia. El área bajo la curva medida por ambos profesionales fue > 0,80. La confiabilidad interobservador entre médicos y kinesiólogos presentó correlación débil (CCI= 0,17). Conclusiones: La escala de Tal modificada presenta una adecuada validez predictiva, pero pobre validez al correlacionarla con la saturación de oxígeno y una débil confiabilidad interobservador.

Introduction: In pediatrics, it is decisive to assess the severity of bronchial obstruction; to this end, different clinical scoring scales have been developed, including the modified Tal score. The objective of this study was to determine its validity and reliability in children seen at two emergency departments of Concepción, Chile. Population and methods: Prospective, cohort study. Children younger than 36 months old diagnosed with bronchitis and/or bronchiolitis during the winter and spring months of 2015 were included. Concurrent criterion validity was determined based on the correlation between the score and oxygen saturation, as a reference standard. Predictive validity was assessed based on the association between the score and the probability of a new visit to the emergency department in the following 7 days. The area under the ROC curve was estimated. Reliability between kinesiologists and physicians was established based on the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 102 children were assessed; a weak correlation between the score and oxygen saturation was observed among kinesiologists (Rho = -0.41). An association was observed between the score and the probability of a new visit to the emergency department. The area under the curve measured by both health care providers was > 0.80. Inter-observer reliability between physicians and kinesiologists showed a weak correlation (ICC = 0.17). Conclusions: The modified Tal score shows an adequate predictive validity, but a poor validity when correlated to oxygen saturation, and a weak inter-observer reliability.

Efectividad de intervenciones basadas en Mindfulness para mejorar el control de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: una revisión sistemática e integración metanalitica preliminar / Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based interventions to improve control of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and preliminary meta-analytic integration

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo fue estudiar la efectividad de intervenciones basadas en Mindfulness sobre el nivel de hemoglobina glicada —HbA1c— en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 —DM2—. Se realizó una revisión sistemática e integración metanalítica preliminar. La búsqueda de los estudios se realizó en las siguientes bases: PubMed, Bireme, Web of Science, SciELO, Embase, EBSCOhost, SCOPUS, Psychology Database. Se identificaron 10 artículos: cuatro fueron llevados a cabo en Estados Unidos, dos en Irán, uno en Alemania, uno en Australia, uno en Tailandia y uno en Inglaterra. Se observó una reducción en los niveles de la HbA1c utilizando Mindfulness en comparación a los grupos controles (p < 0,02). Además, se observó un efecto diferenciado al analizar según número de participantes, sexo y tiempo de seguimiento. Se concluyó que el uso de intervenciones basadas en Mindfulness tendría un efecto indirecto sobre la reducción de la hemoglobina glicada.

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to study the effectiveness of Mindfulness-based interventions on the level of glycated hemoglobin —HbA1c— in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus —DM2—. A systematic review and preliminary meta-analytic integration was performed. The search of the studies was carried out in the following bases: PubMed, Bireme, Web of Science, SciELO, Embase, EBSCOhost, SCOPUS, Psychology Database. Ten articles were identified: four were published in the United States, two in Iran, one in Germany, one in Australia, one in Thailand and one in England. A reduction in HbA1c levels was observed using Mindfulness compared to control groups (p <0,02). In addition, according to the number of participants, sex and time of follow-up a differentiated effect was found. It was concluded that the use of interventions based on Mindfulness would have an indirect effect on the reduction of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

Análisis factorial exploratorio de una escala de gravedad de obstrucción bronquial evaluada en menores de tres años, Chile, 2015 / Exploratory factor analysis of a score for grading the severity of bronchial obstruction evaluated in children younger than 3 years old, Chile, 2015

Introducción. La escala de Tal modificada es utilizada en Chile para determinar la gravedad de la obstrucción bronquial. Existen informes de su validez; sin embargo, carece de antecedentes del análisis de su estructura como escala para cuantificar de forma significativa la gravedad de la obstrucción bronquial. Objetivo. Identificar el patrón de relación entre los ítems de la escala y la dimensión gravedad de la obstrucción bronquial en una muestra de menores de tres años que consultan en dos centros de salud de la provincia de Concepción, Chile. Método. Análisis factorial exploratorio. Selección no aleatoria y voluntaria de participantes, menores de 36 meses, agosto-noviembre de 2015. Evaluados de manera independiente por médico y kinesiólogo, en tiempo seguido. Se aplican medidas de tendencia central, análisis factorial exploratorio, por subgrupo de menores y mayores de 6 meses, y consistencia interna. Resultados. 204 mediciones a 102 menores. Con una varianza explicada de 39%, los ítems se dirigen a dos conceptos diferentes, un factor que agrupa frecuencia respiratoria, sibilancia y retracción, y otro que solo lo determina cianosis, con alfa de Cronbach de 0, 5. Al extraer cianosis del análisis, muestra matriz monofactorial con 38% de varianza total explicada y consistencia interna de 0, 62. Conclusiones. Por medio de sus ítems, la estructura de la escala no se ajusta adecuadamente para esta muestra. Cianosis se muestra como un ítem disociado en la estructura. Al ajustar el modelo a solo tres ítems, la estabilidad del alfa como medida de consistencia interna aumenta, pero a un valor cuestionable, lo que, sin duda, variará al ser aplicada en otra muestra.

Introduction. The modified Tal's score has been used in Chile to determine the severity of bronchial obstruction. Its validity has been reported already; however, its structure as a scale to significantly quantify the severity of bronchial obstruction has not been analyzed. Objective. To identify the relationship pattern among the score's items and the severity of bronchial obstruction in a sample of children younger than 3 years seen in two health care centers in the province of Concepción, Chile. Method. Exploratory factor analysis. Nonrandom, voluntary selection of participants youngerthan36months, August-November 2015. Participants were assessed independently and subsequently by a physician and a physical therapist. The following measurements were applied: central tendency, exploratory factor analysis, subgroups of participants younger and older than 6 months, and internal consistency. Results. A total of 204 measurements were done in 102 children. With a 39% explained variance, items incline towards to two different concepts: one factor groups respiratory rate, wheezing, and retractions, and the other determines only cyanosis, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.5. Once cyanosis is removed from the analysis, the original one-factor matrix sample shows a 38% total explained variance and a 0.62 internal consistency. Conclusions. Based on its items, the score's structure does not fit adequately to this sample. Cyanosis appears as a dissociated item within the structure. Once the model is adjusted to only 3 items, the stability of Chronbach's alpha as a measure of internal consistency increases but at an objectionable value, which will undoubtedly vary once it is applied to a different sample.

Propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de gravedad de obstrucción bronquial en pediatría: Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Psychometric properties of scales used for grading the severity of bronchial obstruction in pediatrics: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción. En pediatría, es determinante establecer precozmente la gravedad de la obstrucción bronquial (GOB). Objetivo. Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de escalas de medición de GOB en pacientes pediátricos. Población y método. Revisión sistemática de estudios sobre validez y confiabilidad de escalas de GOB realizados en niños menores de 3 años. Se buscó en Medline, WoS, EMBASE, SciELO, Google Scholar. Los coeficientes de correlación de cada artículo fueron metaanalizados mediante el modelo de efectos aleatorios para determinar la validez de criterio y la confiabilidad a través de promedios ponderados de los coeficientes según el tamaño de la muestra. Resultados. Se incluyeron 9 artículos con un total de 2699 niños; 3 artículos presentaron calidad metodológica buena o excelente. Cuatro artículos determinaron la validez de criterio concurrente considerando la saturación de oxígeno; coeficiente de correlación ponderado -0,627 (IC 95%: de -0,767 a -0,431; p < 0,001); 2 artículos determinaron la validez de criterio convergente; coeficiente de correlación ponderado 0,809 (IC 95%: de 0,721 a 0,871; p < 0,001); 6 artículos determinaron la confiabilidad interobservador; coeficiente de correlación ponderado de 0,500 para kappa y 0,891 para coeficiente de correlación intraclase. Conclusión. La evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas para apoyar la utilidad de escalas para la estimación del constructo GOB mostró una validez de criterio de moderada a adecuada. El porcentaje de acuerdo entre observadores respecto de la medida observada (GOB) se muestra adecuado; sin embargo, hay que considerar las debilidades presentadas en el diseño de los artículos, lo cual podría afectar a la validez interna de los resultados.

Introduction. In pediatrics, identifying the severity of bronchial obstruction in an early manner is a decisive factor. Objective. To assess the psychometric properties of the scales for grading the severity of bronchial obstruction in pediatric patients. Population and Method. This was a systematic review of studies on the validity and reliability of scales for grading the severity of bronchial obstruction conducted in infants and children younger than 3 years old. The search was conducted in Medline, WoS, EMBASE, SciELO, and Google Scholar. The correlation coefficient corresponding to each article was included in a random effects model to establish the criterion validity and reliability using the weighted averages of coefficients as per the sample size. Results. A total of 9 articles were included, which accounted for 2699 children; 3 articles had an adequate or excellent methodological quality. Four articles established the concurrent criterion validity considering oxygen saturation, with a weighted correlation coefficient of -0.627 (95% confidence interval --#91;CI--#93;: -0.767 to -0.431, p 0.001); 2 articles established the convergent criterion validity, with a weighted correlation coefficient of 0.809 (95% CI: 0.721 to 0.871, p < 0.001); 6 articles established the inter-observer reliability, with a weighted correlation coefficient of0.500for kappa and 0.891 for the intraclass correlation coefficient. Conclusion. The assessment of psychometric properties to support the use of scales for grading the construct "severity of bronchial obstruction" showed a moderate to adequate criterion validity. The percentage of agreement among observers in terms of the studied measure (severity of bronchial obstruction) was adequate; however, weaknesses such as the article design should be taken into account since it may affect the internal validity of results.